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                  <text>1920s</text>
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                  <text>Sources and resources pertaining to the 1920s and literary works concerning this period.</text>
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                <text>Living Conditions for Jewish Immigrants</text>
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                <text>This painting by Albert Potter appeared very informative to me as it so vividly depicts New York's Lower East Side.  During the beginning of twentieth century, the Lower East Side was essentially the main area where a large amount of Jewish immigrants lived.  The painting displays these people crowded heavily with various signs of community and patronage.  As the streets remain busy and congested, the Lower East Side was able to provide a popular mean of pushcart trading and other retail occupations.  Some of these include the incorporation of restaurants, kosher butcher shops and bakeries, which all seem fitting for the preference of Jewish immigrants.  Potter was another Jewish immigrant that travelled from Russia in order to seek a better life through his works of art.  I felt that this depiction of an immigrant living environment was able to capture quite a few different messages about the life of a Jewish American citizen.  I saw that a place such as this provided a strong sense of community that allowed those of the Jewish culture to continuously relish and immerse themselves in their own culture.  Not only this, but the fact that most were attempting to adapt further into living at somewhat of an American lifestyle.  So having a constant reminder of the past life and culture they lived through only further benefitted the immigrants to remain intact with pieces of their old lives in a place where so many different cultures are mixed amongst each other.  Yet even though these Jewish immigrants were Americanized, they were able to still hold on to a small piece of home to themselves in the process.  This type of community could of proved useful to Abraham Cahan's fictional character Yekl, as he could of used this type of environment to his advantage of keeping his priorities for his life and family's future in the right place instead of the opposite route that he had followed.  </text>
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                <text>Albert Potter</text>
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                <text>Albert Potter (1903-1937) Eastside New York, between 1931 and 1935. Woodcut print. Ben and Beatrice Goldstein Foundation Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (67)&#13;
&#13;
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/haventohome/haven-century.html#obj13</text>
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                <text>1931-1935</text>
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                <text>Evan Orfanos</text>
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                  <text>1890s</text>
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                  <text>Sources and resources pertaining to the 1890s and literary works concerning this period.</text>
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                <text>Einstein's Theory of Relativity</text>
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                <text>Einstein's original manuscript on the Theory of Relativity</text>
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                <text>I came across an interesting document as began to look more into known Jewish people who immigrated to America.  This document in particular happened to belong to none other than Albert Einstein, the founder of the general theory of relativity and its formula E = mc2.  Other than this German-born theoretical physicist discovering one of the two pillars of modern physics, he also was known for his profoundness in philosophical science as well.  The document presented appears to be a holograph essay titled "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Korper." This first page talks about his beginning ideas for his theory on relativity.  Apparently he decided to rid his opinion on the matter from the publication of Annalen der Physic in 1905.  He then decided to rewrite his paper some years later in November of 1943 so it could given to the Library of Congress and promote to aid the selling of war bonds for the U.S.  &#13;
&#13;
Even though Albert Einstein was of Jewish descent, Einstein was born and raised Germany.  As Adolf Hitler rose to power in 1933, he decided to denounce his German citizenship so he could immigrate to the United States.  He then received a position at Princeton University as the Professor of Theoretical Physics, to which he proceeded to gain his American citizenship after completing a "Declaration of Intention." Einstein further pursuing his scientific endeavors was able to allow him more time and concentration towards finding all the faults with his own theory so it could be exact.</text>
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                <text>Albert Einstein. "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Korper," November 1943. Holograph essay. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (101)&#13;
&#13;
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/haventohome/haven-century.html#obj26</text>
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                <text>November, 1943</text>
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                <text>Evan Orfanos</text>
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        <name>Albert Einstein</name>
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        <name>German Jewish</name>
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                <text>The Crisis Magazine Cover </text>
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                <text>This is a cover of the Crisis magazine designed by Aaron Douglas, a famous artist during the Harlem Renaissance. The cover is very similar to his other work that is featured in Fire!!. Many geometric shapes are used to vaguely represent human arms. He also uses a minimal palette, just three shades of blue. What this magazine cover represents is the modernist approach that many artist took during the Harlem Renaissance and the 1920s. Like the rest of the artist in the modernist movement, African Americans strived to remove themselves from the traditional frame of thought of what it meant to be African American and create a new identity. </text>
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                <text>Douglas, Aaron. The Crisis Magazine Cover. 1927. The Professional Association of Design. Web. 14 &#13;
     Dec. 2015. &lt;http://www.aiga.org/design-journeys-aaron-douglas/&gt;. </text>
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                <text>1927</text>
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                <text>Gabriella Green</text>
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                  <text>Sources and resources pertaining to the 1920s and literary works concerning this period.</text>
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                <text>Charlotte Mason Osgood </text>
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                <text>This a photo of Charlotte Mason Osgood, the patron of African American Arts during the Harlem Renaissance. Ms.Osgood supported many famous Harlem Renaissance writers and artists like Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston. Langston Hughes mentions how difficult this relationship was and the controlling nature of the relationship. This relationship may have been inspiration for Hughes short story "Slave on the Block" where the artistic white couple take liberties to what they think African Americans should be depicted as. Both Hughes relationship with Osgood and the couples relationship with the workers have the underlying theme of well-meaning interest in African American culture and art that only offends. </text>
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                <text>Yale University </text>
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                <text>http://brbl-archive.library.yale.edu/exhibitions/awia/gallery/mason.html </text>
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                <text>1920</text>
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                <text>Gabriella Green</text>
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                <text>"Charlotte Mason Osgood." Intimate Arts: American Women in the Arts. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. &#13;
     &lt;http://brbl-archive.library.yale.edu/exhibitions/awia/gallery/mason.html&gt;.</text>
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                  <text>1890s</text>
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                  <text>Sources and resources pertaining to the 1890s and literary works concerning this period.</text>
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                <text>The Constitution of the United States</text>
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                <text>Hebrew/Yiddish Translation of The American Constitution</text>
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                <text>After researching more on the topic of mass immigration in America, otherwise known as the "Great Migration," I came across a very unique translation of the United States' Constitution. This translation caught my eye in particular because it was directly translated to both Hebrew and Yiddish.  The translation was written in 1891 by J. D. Eisenstein, who was a Jewish scholar and historian. In the introduction before his translation is presented, Eisenstein discussed how his intention for republishing such an important American document was for the Jewish residents of the lower part of New York City to be Americanized. He also sympathizes with these Jewish people, since he was once in their same position until he became more aware and more involved with this country to start his new life, as he hopes for them.&#13;
&#13;
As Europe and the United States were greatly impacted with the Great Migration since the end of the 19th century, an estimated thirty million immigrants from Europe travelled to the United States.  From Russia and Eastern Europe, about three million of these immigrants were Jewish trying to escape their home countries due to mass poverty and pogroms.  Since citizenship was of the upmost importance in order to for immigrants to become American, a vast amount of Jewish people went about attending English classes during the night to improve their language skills.  This further presents how the Jewish people aimed to strive and be more equipped to live somewhere new so they could adapt to the norms and laws that society had imposed on its citizens.   </text>
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                <text> J. D. Eisenstein</text>
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                <text>יקוח תוצרא תירבה (Constitution of the United States). Hebrew and Yiddish. [New York, 1891]. Hebraic Section, African &amp; Middle Eastern Division, Library of Congress (044.00.00)</text>
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                <text>Harlem Renaissance and The Great Migration</text>
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                <text>	The magnolia flower appeared before bees did and are theorized to have evolved to encourage pollination by beetles. Mrs. Manstey always loved nature and admired people who shared this love. Magnolias blossom in white, pink, red purple or yellow. The magnolia flower can represent Mrs. Manstey because you can only look at it on the tree and it gives off a strong smell. Mrs. Manstey doesn’t associate herself with people and she doesn’t leave her room often, but people know she is there. A magnolia, once it is finally bloomed, lasts a long time. This idea I can relate to Mrs. Manstey’s happiness. Mrs. Manstey’s husband passed away, she lost touch with her daughter, and she barely saw her friends anymore. She didn’t have anything to really keep her happy. Then she finally realized that she loved the view from her window. She didn’t have it her whole life but it finally came to her after experimenting with things that would make her happy. When her view was going to be taken away from her by the extension, she attempted to destroy it. This led to her getting ill and passing away. This is the idea that when magnolias fall they bruise easily and smell bad. Mrs. Manstey had a downfall because she was so upset by the news of the extension. She was so hurt by this information that she committed a crime to try and fix it. Her setting the extension on fire is like the smell that a magnolia gives off after it is bruised. The image shows magnolia flowers still living on the tree and then also dead petals and flowers that have fallen off the tree. This image can be seen as showing Mrs. Manstey’s life of representing a beautiful magnolia and then representing a bruised magnolia flower after they have fallen. </text>
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                <text>Unknown. Magnolia Tree Guide. N.d. The Tree Center. Web. 14 Dec. 2015.&#13;
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                <text>Erin Donlon </text>
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                <text>"Vos Yede Froy Darf Visen Vegen Birgershaft", which directly translates to "What Every Woman Should Know about Citizenship." The book is written in both Yiddish and English. This information booklet was made in 1926 by the National Council of Jewish Women, who issued it as a citizenship guide for immigrant women.  The Council focused on the purpose of the booklet to serve as an aid for Jewish women who were unmarried to learn how to speak English, secure their American citizenship and find a place of employment.  &#13;
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                <text>Cecilia Razovsky</text>
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                <text>Cecilia Razovsky (1891-1968). Vos Yede Froy Darf Visen Vegen Birgershaft, What Every Woman Should Know about Citizenship. New York: Department of Immigrant Aid, National Council of Jewish Women, 1926. Hebraic Section, Library of Congress (86)&#13;
&#13;
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/haventohome/haven-century.html#obj20</text>
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                <text>This article written by Titus Munson Coan from the February publication of The Galaxy in 1871 is about what was believed to make individuals successful. The article takes a cue from the "theory" of evolution in its explanation of what makes people successful though it then begins to analyse more specific traits. The article states that it is the bold that succeed and that many geniuses owe their success not to intellect but to the fact that they were more enduring than most people. </text>
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                <text>Coan, Titus Munson. "Successful People." &lt;i&gt;Galaxy&lt;/i&gt; Feb. 1871: 219-29. &lt;i&gt;Making of America&lt;/i&gt;. Web. 14 Dec. 2015.</text>
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                <text>This image shows people ice skating on the lake in Central Park around 1890. The image is in black and white and shows the Dakota, a famous luxury apartment building in New York City, in the background, surrounded by a wintery landscape. Central Park is one of the most famous sites in New York City. In the image, you are able to tell that the Park was used for people’s enjoyment and was a place of gathering where people could hang out and do as they pleased. &#13;
&#13;
In Mrs. Manstey’s View, the different views of New York City are something that I thought a lot about when reading the short story and what Mrs. Manstey’s exact view was. While she most likely did not have a view of Central Park, I thought it was important to discuss Central Park and recognize it as quite possible the most notable view in the City. Central Park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, an American landscape architect who was known for designing different Parks all throughout the United States and Canada. Central Park is his most well-known work. &#13;
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                <text>"Skaters on the Lake in Central Park, circa 1890." Skaters on the Lake in Central Park, circa 1890. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2015.&#13;
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                <text>Emily Nader</text>
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                <text>At first look, the first thing that came to my head as  I looked at this picture was "Maggie". What this reminded me of Maggie the most was her lonely walks which is speculated to have turned her into the prostitute she became. It also makes me wonder if parenting was not something that wasn't exactly mastered at the time. Considering that these two girls, which seem to be under the age of ten, are walking alone approaching people makes think if these girls are on the same path Maggie was heading towards when she was on her lonely walks. Lastly, it seems that they have past a construction site which again devalues these little girl's parental supervision. </text>
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                <text>Press, Associated. "Never-before-seen Photos from 100 Years Ago Tell Vivid Story of Gritty New York City." Mail Online. Associated Newspapers, 24 Apr. 2012. Web. 15 Dec. 2015</text>
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                <text>Here's a photo that I found more than relevant to the course. What is shown in the photo is a construction site in the Lower East side of New York, and to be more specific, Delancy street. This photo was taking in the late 19th century/early 20th century and what I found interesting about this picture is the advertisement on the store which is translated in Hebrew. In Yekl we read about how the population of Jewish Americans grew rapidly and we could see here that it sure did. This in a way reminds me of New York's famous chinatown today which makes me think if at this it was a section for Jewish migrants just as today have a section for Asian decent migrants. Who knows what it will evolve to next!  </text>
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                <text>When I came across this particular booklet of sheet music for the common day "boychik," I thought that this was the perfect example of Eastern Jewish immigrants attempting to merge into American culture.  The cover depicts a Jewish boy that is so Americanized that his apparent culture has gone unnoticed.  The boy is described as "a modern fellow, a wise boy, a bluffer. Girls, don't be deceived by him; take care, and beware." The booklet goes on to signify what immigrants may have aspired to be, which was to not be seen as every run-of-the-mill immigrant.  In this time period of 1904, these people wished to be seen with class and has made a success of their self in America.   The booklet's songs are primarily written in Yiddish and go on take critical observance of the boy as the American lifestyle has altered who he used to be.  I felt that there was a strong historical significance towards immigration of Eastern European Jews in America as compared the works of Abraham Cahan's "Yekl" that we had read earlier this semester.</text>
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                <text>David Meyrowitz (1867-1943) and Louis Gilrod (1879-1930) A Boychik Up-to-Date [An Up-to-Date Dandy]. New York: Theodore Lohr, n.d. Sheet music cover Hebraic Section, Library of Congress (78)&#13;
Heskes, Irene, Yiddish American Popular Songs, 1895-1950 (General)&#13;
&#13;
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/haventohome/haven-century.html#obj16</text>
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                <text>One the first page of “Social Progress” an article that reads in the cosmopolitan it has these two men that are fishing. The picture of these fishermen have pessimistic on one and optimistic on the other. What I found to be really interesting about this figure is the tie it had to Greek theater and the plot of the text itself. The tie it had to Greek theater was the iconic faces of the comedy and tragic masks that were used in Greek theater to represent these two essentials in theater. And I believe that this adds to the meaning and elbow grease Cosmo’s publications showed at those times. However, it made more sense because they summarized the text with this picture of these two fisher men (One representing pessimistic and the other optimism occurrences in society).   </text>
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                <text>Ely, Robert. "The Cosmopolitan." Volume 31. 1 May 1901. Web. 15 Dec. 2015</text>
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                <text>Carlos Moradel</text>
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                <text>During the 1890s, New York City residents were rapidly spreading their way north on the island. As immigrants were coming in, the original inhabitants of the city started to move up the island. Through the use of technology though, residents were able to live throughout the city while still being able to move easily from one location to another. With better engineering and an understanding of steel, engineers were able to create elevated train systems that helped moved people throughout the city. Just like the modern subways in NYC, the elevated trains allowed people to move in masses via train without disrupting the foot and cart traffic below. This change helped the city to accept the growing number of residents without causing major congestions with transportation. </text>
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                <text>"Steam Powered Train circa 1890." Flickr. Yahoo!, 1890. Web. 14 Dec. 2015.</text>
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                <text>a image of a women holding two infants</text>
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